La idea de que la filosofía no es un mero ejercicio teórico y abstracto, sino una práctica transformadora que incide en la vida misma y en la construcción de valores, se encuentra en la concepción antigua de la filosofía como arte de vivir (ars vitae o ars vivendi) y en sus desarrollos modernos y contemporáneos. Distintos autores y tradiciones, desde Epicuro y Séneca, Montaigne y Gracián, Schopenhauer y Nietzsche, Heidegger y Sartre, Fromm y Foucault hasta Sloterdijk y Butler, han ofrecido (...) múltiples caracterizaciones de la filosofía del arte de vivir –forma de vida, ejercicio, terapia del alma, cuidado de sí, camino de perfección, pensamiento crítico y creativo, estética de la existencia, búsqueda del sentido, antropotécnica– y han desarrollado conceptos tales como los de compasión, reconocimiento, autenticidad, libertad o autocreación para entender el mundo y desarrollar formas éticas de actuar con sabiduría. (shrink)

El propósito de esta contribución es delinear las principales reflexiones sobre la ética de ciudad surgidas en los últimos años. Para ello se abordan, en primer lugar, las conexiones entre racionalidad práctica, urbanismo y espacio público desde la perspectiva del pragmatismo crítico y de la ciencia social fronética. Estas propuestas nos proporcionan el marco hermenéutico para presentar a continuación algunas de las aproximaciones éticas más relevantes que pueden aplicarse a las ciudades actuales: la ética de las virtudes urbanas, el derecho (...) a la ciudad, el movimiento de la ciudad justa, el giro urbano de la ética, la ética del ambiente construido, la ética del diseño y la conducta medioambiental, el discurso ético sobre el Antropoceno y, por último, la ética de los comunes urbanos, mostrando su complementariedad y significado. Finalmente se resumen las conclusiones más relevantes del estudio, destacando la importancia de fomentar propuestas prácticas en el espacio público para habitar la ciudad de una manera más consciente, orientada a profundizar y fortalecer la democracia y sus fundamentos éticos. (shrink)

El camino seguido por la hermenéutica analógica representa una perspectiva novedosa entre los planteamientos de las hermenéuticas contemporáneas, que se ha aplicado a distintas áreas. En este volumen se aborda la convergencia de la hermenéutica analógica con algunas de estas disciplinas. La hermenéutica analógica procura entender no solo las humanidades sino las ciencias de un modo que no sea ni meramente univocista ni meramente equivocista, sino analógico; de un modo que no sea ni meramente descriptivo ni meramente prescriptivo, sino interpretativo, (...) para comprender y orientar de acuerdo a la pluralidad de las ciencias. Como dice Mauricio Beuchot, hemos crecido en ciencia y en técnica pero ese crecimiento no ha sido acompañado por un crecimiento en humanismo. Estos trabajos responden al intento de remediar esa situación. (shrink)

Este artículo considera el potencial trabajo cooperativo entre los especialistas en retórica y los neurocientíficos, explorando cómo poner en práctica de manera significativa la investigación retórica en el ámbito de las neurociencias.

Related to the research of working conditions, the link between organizational factors and health was traditionally analyzed using linear models. However, the literature analysis suggests inconsistencies in linear models predicting workers’ health levels. To clarify this issue, this exploratory research compares the linear and non-linear relationships between job demands-resources, and the psychological and physical symptoms of employees working in the main five service subsectors: commerce, horeca, public administration, education, and healthcare. With a final sample of 4,047 participants, our study data (...) were extracted from the II Andalusian Working Conditions Survey. Following the theoretical framework of JD-R Model and considering the Vitamin Model theoretical approach for non-linear relationships, our results showed that there were significant differences among the five subsectors analyzed regarding the linear and non-linear relationships between job demands-resources and psychological and physical symptoms of employees. Furthermore, task complexity generated non-linear relationships in higher proportion than time pressure and contact with users. Likewise, non-linear relationships found showed a U-shape. Moreover, the findings of non-linear relationships suggested that medium levels of task complexity should not be exceeded to avoid further negative impact on psychological and physical symptoms for service sector employees, preserving their health. Finally, some general practical implications of work environment interventions are suggested. (shrink)

Este ensayo es consecuencia de las reflexiones que desde hace años realizamos en el Instituto de Paz y Conflictos de la Universidad de Granada y que nos ha obligado a hacer una deconstrucción crítica de algunos aspectos del pensamiento pacifista. Bien es cierto que la supervivencia de la especie ha sido posible porque la respuesta a la conflictividad ha sido, mayoritariamente, la búsqueda de equilibrios dinámicos y de armonía. Pero, a pesar de todo, perviven muchas grietas, rupturas, dadas por la (...) propia contingencia y fragilidad humanas. Estamos ante unos entes humanos fragmentados, violentados, lo que hace más difícil la búsqueda de la armonía o la paz. Estas dificultades son razones de peso para trabajar en el camino de una «desfragmentación» ontológica que sea útil para liberar nuestras fuerzas emancipadoras y creativas. Construir la visión integrada y unitaria de la Ciencia de los Seres Humanos es una tarea conjunta que interesa sobremanera a la Investigación para la Paz.This essay is a consequence of the reflections we have been conducting for several years at the Instituto de Paz y Conflictos of the University of Granada. These reflections have obliged us to undertake a critical deconstruction of a few aspects of pacifist thought. Although the survival of the species has been possible because the response to conflicts has been, principally, the search for dynamic equilibrium and harmony; on the other hand there remain many fissures, ruptures brought about by the own human contingency and fragility. We find ourselves before a fragmented and distorted human being, which makes the search for harmony or peace even more difficult. These difficulties are convincing reasons for working towards an ontological “defragmentation” which is useful to liberate our emancipating and creative forces. To build the integrated and united view of Human Sciences is a collective task which is of great interest for Peace Research. (shrink)

Nonprofit organizations (NPOs), are quite complex in terms of organizational structure, diversity at the workplace, as well as motivational mechanisms and values rationality. Nevertheless, from an Organizational Psychology perspective, the systematic analysis of this context is scarce in the literature, particularly regarding conflicts. This qualitative study analyzes types, prevalence and consequences of conflicts in a large NPO organization considering as theoretical framework several consolidated Organizational Psychology theories: Conflict Theory, Social Comparison Theory and the Equity Theory. Conflicts were analyzed taking into (...) account volunteers’ perspective, who has been consistently protagonist on NPOs research, but also considering paid staff’s perspective, as one of the main stakeholders in these organizations, whose relative power has increase in the past decade due the professionalization of the NPO’s sector. Results confirmed the existence of four types of conflicts: task, process, status and relationship conflicts. Relationship conflict is the least reported type, revealing the protection factor that values and engagement with a social aim have on this organizational context. The most relevant finding is the strong difference between paid staff and volunteers in conflict perceptions, showing paid staff, overall, higher levels of conflicts than volunteers. Findings also show stronger negative consequences for paid staff compared to volunteers. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. (shrink)

Envelhecer traz em si significações negativas que se agravam em situação de reclusão. Os procedimentos metodológicos pautaram-se em estudo bibliográfico e pesquisa em banco de dados. Os artigos encontrados foram organizados, analisados, chegando à conclusões como a falta de pesquisas sobre a mulher idosa encarcerada. Por isso, foi realizada a entrevista semi-estruturada com uma senhora sentenciada à privação de liberdade em São Paulo, Brasil. Os dados da pesquisa revelaram que a vida em regime fechado é precária para a mulher idosa (...) e, que se faz necessário repensar as políticas públicas priorizando medidas educativas e artísticas no ambiente prisional. (shrink)

The main goal of this paper is to argue that Anglo-American philosophy and Continental philosophy should work together within the arena of the philosophy of sport. To do so, the concept “communicative community”, which is found in Habermas’ and Apel’s discursive ethics, will be analyzed and applied to sports. As several authors, such as Raúl Sebastian Solanes, Robert L. Simon and William J. Morgan, have done this task before, I will critically analyze their proposals. In so doing, I will show (...) that in order to make sense of contemporary sports we need a more integrative communicative sporting community than the ones proposed so far in the literature. (shrink)

O presente artigo discute acerca da evolução das democracias ocidentais no sentido de defender que a consolidação do Estado liberal implicou na negação da sociedade civil e seus movimentos enquanto respectivamente o espaço político e os sujeitos políticos da transformação social por excelência. Ele busca defender que a modernidade política somente foi possível porque a sociedade civil e seus movimentos constituíram-se respectivamente como a arena política por excelência e como os sujeitos políticos por excelência, contra a política e os atores (...) políticos institucionalizados em termos de Antigo Regime. Nesse sentido, a intuição que persigo, ao defender que com o Estado liberal clássico vitorioso nós temos a anulação do potencial político da sociedade civil e de seus movimentos, está em que a estruturação política e social das democracias de massa do capitalismo de regulação estatal, caudatárias desse movimento histórico constituído pelo Estado liberal clássico e pela economia de laissez-faire, apresenta exatamente essa configuração de democracia social e de anulação da democracia política. (shrink)

Dieser Band formuliert - über den Kontext philosophischer Editionen hinaus - Probleme und Forschungsfragen, die sich in der Edition von Manuskripten zu Vorlesungen, von Nachschriften sowie von Seminarprotokollen ergeben. Der Fokus liegt auf methodischen Lösungsansätzen, die exemplarisch an Editionsvorhaben von Texten des 18. bis 20. Jahrhunderts vorgeführt werden. Damit bildet der Band ein Kompendium, von dem weitere editorische Forschung ausgehen kann. Frank Grunert und Holger Glinka eröffnen den Band, indem sie am Beispiel der Edition einer Nachschrift der Grotius-Vorlesung von Christian (...) Wolff zeigen, dass professionell hergestellte Nachschriften auf eine besondere wissenssoziologische Situation hinweisen: Mit der zunehmenden Emanzipation der Vorlesungen von kanonischen Lehrbüchern hat die Vorlesung selbst Lehrbuchcharakter entwickelt, der den Zugzwang ihrer Hörer noch verstärkt, sich des von Professoren gesprochenen Wortes schriftlich zu vergewissern. Der Handel mit Nachschriften hat hier seinen Grund wie in der Überlieferung besonders elaborierter Manuskripte in den Nachlässen adeliger und vermögender Häuser. Werner Stark stellt die problematische Funktion von Nachschriften als vermeintlicher Stütze für weitgehend ungeschriebene Werke am Beispiel von Kants Physischer Geographie in der Ausgabe Rink heraus und teilt damit spezifische Erfahrungen mit den älteren Editionen von Nachschriften Kantischer Vorlesungen in Königsberg mit. Holden Kelm rekonstruiert im historischen Vergleich, wie unterschiedliche Editionsstandards und v. a. Absichten ihren Autor gerade in der Rekonstruktion seiner Lehre jeweils neu konstitutieren, sodass ein editorisch manifestes theologisches Interesse an Schleiermacher zunehmend von einem philosophischen abgelöst wird. Annette Sell spürt anhand der Edition der Vorlesungsnachschriften zu Hegels Logik der Frage nach Hegels möglicherweise eigenen Überlieferungsabsichten seines in seiner Bewegung vorgetragenen Werkes nach. Johannes Korngiebel nimmt eine Nachschrift zu Friedrich Schlegels Jenaer Vorlesung zur Transcendentalphilosophie von 1800/01 zum Anlass, die Leistungsfähigkeit einer textkritischen Auswertung von Vorlesungsnachschriften für die Edition exemplarisch darzustellen. Christoph Binkelmann teilt aus der Werkstatt Schellings die editorischen Herausforderungen mit, die dessen Vorlesungen über Philosophie der Kunst bedeuten. Daniel Elon beleuchtet Schopenhauers Versuche als Dozent, wie sie sich in den Manuskripten zu dessen Vorlesung von 1820 darstellen. Francisco Arenas-Dolz nimmt Nietzsche als Universitätslehrer ernst und vertieft anhand der Edition der Vorlesung,,Einleitung in das Studium der klassischen Philologie" die Reflexionen über das Verhältnis von Vorlesungen und den sie begleitenden Textarten. Windelbands vor wenigen Jahren in Sendai wiederaufgefundene Manuskripte zur Vorbereitung von Lehrveranstaltungen und Publikationsvorhaben sind Gegenstand von Jörn Bohrs Beitrag. Andrea Leubin und Monika Philippi gewähren einen Einblick in die Edition von Vortragsnachschriften innerhalb der Rudolf Steiner Gesamtausgabe. Max Webers Manuskripte für Vorlesungen dienen Sophia Krebs und Ulrich Rummel als Fallbeispiel für das Ermitteln und Belegen von Krypto-Zitaten und Paraphrasen, einem Hauptgegenstand editorischen Kommentierens. Mit Thomas Kessels Beitrag zu Nicolai Hartmanns Circelprotokollen wird das 20. Jahrhundert in den Blick genommen, als in den Seminaren und Kolloquien die Form des Protokolls Einzug hielt. Dirk Braunstein liefert eingehende Reflexionen über den möglichen Sinn der Begriffe,Autorschaft' und,Authentizität' in der Editionspraxis solcher Seminarprotokolle. - Beigefügt ist eine Bibliographie zum Thema Edition von Kollegheften, Kollegnachschriften und Protokollen. (shrink)

Reseña de: Arenas-Dolz, Francisco y Gallegos Salazar, Daniela (eds.) (2009), El ciudadano democrático. Reflexiones éticas para una educación intercultural, Madrid, Plaza y Valdés.

In the fields of linguistics and psychology the didactic implementation of new knowledge relative to argumentative discourse and its acquisition has led us to develop a didactic sequence focused on the teaching of argumentation in 11–12 year old pupils. This sequence was experimented in six schools in order to assess the effect of these new educational methods on the capacities of pupils to treat the dialogic dimensions of argumentation in the writing of monologues. An analysis of the productions of the (...) puils who had been submitted to the didactic sequence, compared with those of a control group, showed a significant improvement in the capacities of the first group. These improvements concerned aspects such as backing up arguments, acknowledging the addressee, negotiating with an eventual contradictor and using of a certain number of units and linguistic expressions t specific to argumentative texts (expressions of responsability taking, textual organisers of cause and conclusion, modalisations of probability and of certitude, concessions and polite expressions). (shrink)

The ultimate source of explanation in biology is the principle of natural selection. Natural selection means differential reproduction of genes and gene combinations. It is a mechanistic process which accounts for the existence in living organisms of end-directed structures and processes. It is argued that teleological explanations in biology are not only acceptable but indeed indispensable. There are at least three categories of biological phenomena where teleological explanations are appropriate.

ABSTRACTThis article studies multi-stakeholder initiatives as spaces for both deliberation and contestation between constituencies with competing discourses and disputed values, beliefs, and preferences. We review different theoretical perspectives on MSIs, which see them mainly as spaces to find solutions to market problems, as spaces of conflict and bargaining, or as spaces of consensus. In contrast, we build on a contestatory deliberative perspective, which gives equal value to both contestation and consensus. We identify four types of internal contestation which can be (...) present in MSIs—procedural, inclusiveness, epistemic, and ultimate-goal—and argue that embracing contestation and engaging in ongoing revision of provisional agreements, criteria, and goals can enhance the democratic quality of MSIs. Finally, we explore the implications of this perspective for theorizing about the democratic quality in MSIs and about the role of corporations in transnational governance. (shrink)

It is an intimate experience for us to think, to understand and to perceive things as being identical to themselves, and to suppose, consequently, that things are truly “what” they are. Something is always conceived as itself. The given is given full of itself in all its modifications. For instance, I can think or perceive partially some lips, I can see them almost in their whole or in some of their aspects, or just see them disappear. But it does not (...) seem to be possible to think or to perceive a given as almost itself, as an aspect or as part of itself. It is the aim of this work to study the assumptions and conditions for the original position of sameness in experience, just as it occurs in the synthesis of the datum singular and distinct. The polarization of single tone (einstimmig) intentional rays in an αvτó already contains the aporiae peculiar to the experience of the identical, whose revelation shall lead us, on the one hand, to one of the nuclei of the analysis of passive synthesis, and, on the other hand, to point up how critical revision of the numerical or extensional model of self-identity is for the unity of meaning. Then, it will be a question of pointing out the reasons why in a phenomenology of identity, the renunciation of the phenomenological legitimacy of the αvτó as a guarantee for the different positions of identity must be observed. DOI: 10.1007/978-94-011-3464-4_13 . (shrink)

O presente volume reune quase uma trintena de artigos com temas culturais, de consagrados autores portugueses e brasileiros, que assim pretenderam homenagear o Professor. oordenada por Joaquim Gonçalves, a obra é estruturada em 4 partes. As três primeiras agrupam as intervenções, consagrando-se a quarta à vida e obra do homenageado.

We state and comment our recent results on the incompleteness of elementary real analysis and their relevance for the axiomatized sciences.

This paper explores the role of NGOs in corporate social responsibility (CSR) through an analysis of various stakeholders’ perceptions and of NGOs’ self-perceptions. In the course of qualitative research based in Spain, we found that the perceptions of the role of NGOs fall into four categories: recognition of NGOs as drivers of CSR; concerns about their legitimacy; difficulties in the mutual understanding between NGOs and trade unions; the self-confidence of NGOs as important players in CSR. Each of these categories comprises (...) the various elements analysed in the paper. We found some discrepancies between the perception of others and the self-perceptions of NGOs, which explains why their role is often controversial. The research confirms that secondary stakeholders, such as NGOs, are key players in CSR, but their role is still regarded as controversial and their legitimacy contested. Deep-seated misunderstandings and mistrust among various stakeholder groups (particularly between NGOs and trade unions) are a possible hurdle to the integration of social and environmental concerns in business activity and corporate governance in Spain. The study finds that business managers need to take a less firm-centric and a more contextual approach, and look more closely into the relationship with and among stakeholder groups. For NGO managers, the research shows that NGOs are not always aware of the stereotypes they generate and the problems caused mainly by what is seen as ambivalent roles: critic and counsellor, accuser and judge, idealist and fund raiser. (shrink)

The study of conscious experience per se has not kept pace with the dramatic advances in PET, fMRI and other brain-scanning technologies. If anything, the standard approaches to examining the 'view from within' involve little more than cataloguing its readily accessible components. Thus the study of lived subjective experience is still at the level of Aristotelian science, leading to a widespread scepticism over the possibility of a truly scientific study of conscious experience. Drawing on a wide range of approaches -- (...) from phenomenology to meditation -- The View From Within examines the possibility of a disciplined approach to the study of subjective states. The focus is on the practical issues involved. (shrink)

The question whether ethical behavior is biologically determined may refer either to thecapacity for ethics (e.i., the proclivity to judge human actions as either right or wrong), or to the moralnorms accepted by human beings for guiding their actions. My theses are: (1) that the capacity for ethics is a necessary attribute of human nature; and (2) that moral norms are products of cultural evolution, not of biological evolution.Humans exhibits ethical behavior by nature because their biological makeup determines the presence (...) of the three necessary, and jointly sufficient, conditions for ethical behavior: (i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one's own actions; (ii) the ability to make value judgements; and (iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Ethical behavior came about in evolution not because it is adaptive in itself, but as a necessary consequece of man's eminent intellectual abilities, which are an attribute directly promoted by natural selection. (shrink)

This article aims to advance the discussion of how multinational companies manage the tension between global integration and local responsiveness in their corporate social responsibility. In particular, it studies the relationships between headquarters and subsidiaries in a transnational CSR strategy and the types of coordination mechanisms used. Building on a qualitative study of a multinational bank, we find that in addition to formal and informal coordination mechanisms, a transnational CSR strategy cannot be fully understood without considering lateral learning and participatory (...) decision making. Further, we suggest that discussions about the transnational approach to CSR should not be disentangled from the question about a company's CSR orientation. Finally, we propose some characteristics of transnational CSR and discuss its theoretical and practical implications. (shrink)

The question whether ethical behavior is biologically determined may refer either to the capacity for ethics (i.e., the proclivity to judge human actions as either right or wrong), or to the moral norms accepted by human beings for guiding their actions. I herein propose: (1) that the capacity for ethics is a necessary attribute of human nature; and (2) that moral norms are products of cultural evolution, not of biological evolution. Humans exhibit ethical behavior by nature because their biological makeup (...) determines the presence of three necessary conditions for ethical behavior: (i) the ability to anticipate the consequences of one’s own actions; (ii) the ability to make value judgments; and (iii) the ability to choose between alternative courses of action. Ethical behavior came about in evolution not because it is adaptive in itself, but as a necessary consequence of man’s eminent intellectual abilities, which are an attribute directly promoted by natural selection. That is, morally evolved as an exaptation, not as an adaptation. Since Darwin’s time there have been evolutionists proposing that the norms of morality are derived from biological evolution. Sociobiologists represent the most recent and most subtle version of that proposal. The sociobiologists' argument is that human ethical norms are sociocultural correlates of behaviors fostered by biological evolution. I argue that such proposals are misguided and do not escape the naturalistic fallacy. The isomorphism between the behaviors promoted by natural selection and those sanctioned by moral norms exist only with respect to the consequences of the behaviors; the underlying causations are completely disparate. (shrink)

En medio de la potencial relación entre Fernando González y la Filosofía se presenta un recorrido por su obra escrita, y desde ella, sus hermenéuticas, viajes, retratos, métodos, parábolas, vivencias y contemplaciones. Ello con el fin de culminar en una exhortación metodológica para los nuevos estudios sobre su obra desde perspectivas particulares, para no hallarse como muchos en la paradoja de lo parcial y de la anécdota en medio de una obra armónica; si bien este ensayo es una reflexión a (...) partir de otra posible lectura parcial. (shrink)

El uso descriptivo que exhibe la categoría de “normalidad filosófica” en el discurso de Francisco Romero sintetiza las representaciones y expectativas que el campo filosófico argentino tenía del desarrollo de la disciplina en el medio local, mostrándose como un índice de su propia experiencia histórica en tanto colectivo social. Las tensiones de esa experiencia se expresan en una paradoja inscripta dentro de la categoría, según la cual la situación presente de la filosofía en Iberoamérica se concibe a la vez (...) como una continuidad y como una novedad respecto del pasado filosófico. Esa paradoja acaba revelándose como un síntoma de las operaciones retóricas que están a la base del uso descriptivo de la categoría, y que apuntan a la fijación de una nueva identidad en la trama social del lenguaje, tal que aquel colectivo gane simbólicamente vida propia, legitimidad al interior de la cultura local y reconocimiento por parte del resto de las esferas sociales. Francisco Romero’s descriptive use of the term “philosophical normality” synthesizes the representations and hopes that the Argentinean philosophical field had regarding its own development in the local arena. So this term is an expression of the historical experience of this academic community, and shows the paradoxical tensions between continuity and change regarding the philosophical past. This paradox was a symptom of the rhetorical operations which underlay the descriptive use of “philosophical normality” and tried to establish a new identity in the social language. Consequently that field could symbolically obtain its vital strength, legitimacy in the local culture and the recognition from the other social spheres. (shrink)